CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
In the last
decade the debate rages about religion, especially with regard to women in
Islam, many began to question religious teachings that seem gender. Gender
equality has been a public discourse, especially when it comes to rights,
status, and position of women. This problem has occurred in many countries
around the world so that the issue of women in Islam is mainly an issue of
controversy because of the narrative contained in the Qur'an that give rise to
diverse interpretations one is also caused by the interpretation of the verse
is letterlijk the position of women in positions that do not equally with men.[1] As
in the Arabic sociology (where Islam grew and evolved since the early days) is
just a women's right as a complement to everyday life.
Although the
issue of gender equality has become a wider perspective, but in reality there
are many women who experience discrimination.Therefore, more attention to these
issues still remain to be done. Therefore, the challenges faced by women not
only come from a religious perspective, but also cultural.In a narrow
understanding of religion, the status of women are not equal to men. Similarly,
in certain cultures, women occupy a low position in society.
Islam, which teaches
normative equality between men and women, which is inseparable from
understanding both from a gender bias or tradition and culture of Islam. This
begs a big question mark in the community, it is possible that Islam teaches the equality
principle contains contradictory. to uncover the crucial issues that invite a
different understanding and interpretation. Then of that in this paper will
discuss the various positions gender (men and women) in terms of cultural
tradition and Islamic views.
B. Problems Statements
1. How
gender-based understanding of Islam and cultural perspective?
2. How the
differences between men and women in Islamic culture?
3. How the
position and roles of men and women in Islamic culture?
4. How gender
discrimination is a matter of controversy in the Islamic culture?
C. Research Limitation
This
paper explains about islamic ,culture and gender.
D. Research
Objectives
1. To determine
gender-based understanding of Islam and cultural perspective
3. To
understand the differences between men and women in Islamic culture.
4. To learn the
status and roles of men and women in Islamic culture
5. For gender
discrimination of controversy in the Islamic culture
E. Research
Methodology
The
compiler of this paper used library method.
CHAPTER
II
INTRODUCTION
1.
Gender Based Perspective of Islam and Culture
1.1 The definition of
gender according prespective in islam and culture
Prior to developing gender terms, we only know
someone called male or female based on biological characteristics such as
penis, vagina, uterus, sperm, ovaries, pregnancy, childbirth, etc.. Of course,because
the biological identity is a gift of Allah, all traits that can not be
exchanged and modified. Then came the term gender that help us get to know a
person as male or female because of the characteristics or roles that are
socio-culturally shaped, like gentle, whiny, sulking like, role in the
household, muscular, emotional, rational, agile, being head or housewives, and
others. Because all of the identities and roles shaped by socio-cultural
development, the identity and the role that can be changed.
The term comes from the word gender means
innate trait genes embryos men and women. Gender forward by social scientists
to explain where the differences between women and men where the differences
are innate as God's creation and which is a form of culture that is
constructed, studied, and socialized.
Gender movement arising from the construction
of social-cultural society that considered harmful to the women, such as the
presumption enough women in the kitchen, wells, and mattresses. Itself the goal
of gender equality is one of them men and women in the socio-cultural
construction. With the changing socio-cultural constructions that are
considered to discriminate against women, believed to be able to overcome the
gap between men and women, Sehinnga women can sit in any chair man.
How did the Islam see gender phenomenon itself ?
As we all know Islam is a religion that has raised the dignity of women, the
past, through ignorance, women are discriminated against, killed, raped, and
even traded like cattle. But after the advent of Islam, women began to regain
the position it deserves.
Then how Islam set the life of men and women?
It helps us see the following paragraph:
"Your wives are a garment for you (the
husband) and you are a garment for them" (Surat al-Baqara: 187),
Partnerships in the paragraph above shows the
relationship of husband and wife, which is reciprocal links. In a reciprocal
relationship, husband and wife (men and women) exist and complement each other.
We know there are differences between men and women based on biological, this
led to a role that can not be replaced women men and vice-versa, such as sperm,
ovum, pregnancy, and childbirth.
1.2 The
definition of gender according prespective sosial-culture
As for the
meaning of gender is the issue of non-natural, of distinguishing duties,
functions, and roles given by society / culture for men and women, both in personal
and social life. Thus, the role of gender is the distinction between the
functions and responsibilities of men and women resulting from cultural and
social construction can be changed according to the times.[2] Elaboration of gender roles is so broad,
covering sosiall aspects of life, culture, economics, politics, law and so on, usually,
used to indicate the gender divisions of labor are considered appropriate for
men's groups and women that is the interpretation of gender is actually a
mental and cultural differences of the sexes , not natural and not the will of
God. therefore gender is created and compiled by humans through a process of
social sepertipranata social, customary habits, taradisi, geography,
demographics, and the environment.[3]
1.The differences
between man and women in slamic culture
1.1
Evidence
of biological
Men and women have different genes, which have their fiik
development . Women have the same two chromosomes (XX), while males have
different chromosomes (XY). Men and women are also different have hormon. both
sexes each have hormone "kelakian" and hormones
"femininity". while also differences in the physical structure
anatara anotomi or laiki men and women who in this case is the reproductive
system and, consequently, the biological involvement of men in reproductive
only at conception. conversely, women not only give birth and breastfeed the
child, but also bear the consequences in the form of personal activities,
social, and economic constrained.
1.2
Evidence
of psicological
The visible from daily observations were men more aggressive,
whereas women are more emotional and effective. Difference is mainly found in
the person dewasa.akan but not appropriate if seen in adults because it has
undergone the socialization which affect biological nya.Becouse of it,
psychologists are more likely to study infants who have not influented oleh
social conditions. Many infant studies stating that there are differences that
there are personality differences that can be attributed to gender. In the
swing, for example, boys generally more active than girls. meanwhile many baby
girls are more likely to smile, sensitive to touch than men.
1.3
Evidence
of cross-cultural studies
If gender is determined by the differences that are not visible, we
can expect that the status and roles of men and women would be equal in all
cultur. Conversly-characteristic if the characteristic is very diverse among
different cultures, the gender will be much more flexible than in such a it is
assumed in the past. In other words, men do tasks that require physical, while
women perform tasks that require less physical strongly and done around the
house. However, apart from that, cultural variation in this case is as high as
the general pattern of strong dominance, personality, and work. So that the
pattern can not be regarded as a necessity given the many exceptions that prove
that gender roles are very flexible.[4]
2.
The
position and participant between man and women
2.1
Some Concepts of Gender Equality In The Qur'an
Human
sex is generally the men and women, which is the destiny of Allah SWT. Islamic
religious orders justice and kindness (Sura 16:90), certainly has a lot of
gender-equitable messages. if you read it and think about it, there are many
teachings of the Qur'an that directly or indirectly lead to the realization of
gender equality. Because many women who suffer from unfair gender formulation,
the discussion here purposely done in an effort to "lift" to the
women or containing equality. For instance, in the verses of the Quran that
talk about Adam and his mate (Eve) in heaven until they fall to earth because
God fiddle rule, always use pronouns for two people / dlamir mutsanna (QS.
7:19-23). Women also have equal rights with obligations (Sura 2: 187 and 228).
And there are examples of verses in the Qur'an that explains the equality
between men and women.
3.2. position and participants of Women in Hadith and Jurisprudence
3.2.1
Status and Role of Women in Hadith
Somewhat
different from the Qur'an, the Hadith there is an impression backward position of women, though there are traditions
found looked quite respect for the hadith text women.that is 'cornering' of
women for example, women are less religious, each is traveling should permit
her husband , if say no to her husband in bed would be damned angels sunna
fasting until the morning or have permission from her husband.
Actually,
the Prophet Muhammad never intended to demean women. there are more important
message, which is appropriate in the context of the time he made his. for
example, the oft-quoted hadith about how great duty of a wife to her husband
often describes the supremacy of men or women. The context of the tradition is
very basic and strategic,its purity of monotheism.[5]
therefore, there needs to be a critical effort research komprehensif dari the
hadith to be able to reveal in a clear and proportionate to the various
traditions that while the gender bais impressed.[6] if
this is the casese always done, certainly there will be no contradictory because
basically is very islam women cared.
3.2.2 Position and participant of Women in
Jurisprudence
What
is important is to criticize his jurisprudence. Jurisprudence in the world,
assumptions and opinions on women seems pretty minor rule so that the
formulation of jurisprudence often position women in the second class. For that
there are some things that need concern us together when we want to encourage
women's active and productive. First, women have a natural role (eg, pregnancy,
childbirth, breastfeeding) that can be exchanged and rejected. Secondly, with
regard to gender issues, women must realize that he has a gender equality (not
uniformity) with men and vice versa so as to have the same role and can also
difference .ketiga, related to the opportunity, should avoid the capitalistic
practices, blostered women .[7]
4.Gender
discrimination is a matter of controversy in the Islamic culture
Islamic
teachings in many ways may seem furnish different positions between men and
women. Structure of the Arabic language, which is the official language of the
teachings of Islam, to distinguish between males (mudzakkar) with women
(mu'annats) on all types of syllables: ism (noun), verb (the verb), and misuse
(adjective) . Although not automatically syllable mudzakar iu higher than
muannats, but such rules of the Arabic language was agreed that all syllables
are mudazakar unless proved as muannats.[8]
4.1
Discrimination position of men and women from the point of view of Islam, and
socio-cultural
In
the area of worship, such as prayer, which is the subject of worship in the
teachings of Islam, men and women distinguished several things. In closing
genitalia, male private parts of the
knee is quite close to the navel, while women have to cover the whole of his
body except the face and palms. in reading prayers, may harden men in
salat-prayer recitation jahr (sunset, Isyak, dawn), while women can not. than
that of men instead in mosque congregational prayer, while women are better at
home as there are Arabic culture.
a.
In social life almost all fiqh madhab regard women as men .e.g half price,
under the law Akikah, baby boy can be slaughter two goats, while the girl is
quite the tail alone. Likewise, if the slain victim's family can demand blood
money (diyat) up to 100 camels for the life of a man, whereas women are only
valued for the lives of 50 animals only. In terms of testimony, the testimony
of two women price equal to a man. In terms of inheritance, too, the female
part is the bottom half of men.
b.
In married life, women are seen as objects of men (her husband). The men the
right to marry and married women as objects. Mahr or dowry, one of the pillars
in marriage mririp purchase price of the goods, disearhkan by men and not vice
versa. Objects as a woman who would marry it should be-seen body, in terms of
fiqh named nadlar by the groom's men like stuff like that in the process of
buying and selling. eventually duties of women as wives is according to Islamic
law, among others, women have served and serve her husband, should not do
anything except the permission of her husband, should not be entitled to sue
for divorce because divorce is dropping husbands, women should not go out
without the permission of her husband and others.
c.
In social life, women are judged not to take the place of social
responsibility. not only in the life of a real society and profane, sacred even
a woman can not be a priest prayers if there are men who become the follower. Women were not given the right
to be a leader, including a judge or Qadli. This is the picture of some of the
teachings of Islam negatively impressed seats the female lower to men. This discrimination is not only
influenced by the injunctions of Islam but also on cultural issues in Islam, as
we can look at the culture of the Arabs (the majority of the followers of
Islam) so differentiating once the position of men and women, both religious
teachings of Islam or Islamic culture. The position of women in contrast to the
current practice of modern life, that women are not used to leave the house,
tetpi far into the roles of social, political, economic, and even certain
fields dakam achievements of women outperform men. Therefore gender in Islamic
culture is becoming an interesting study of the various corners that still
continue to proceed.
The
Qur'an as a source of real world view of Muslims has provided the principles of
equality between men and women, both in the domestic as well as the role of
public role. Islamic response to gender as a social and cultural phenomenon,
which is between men and women have roles complement each other, so that
harmony in social life can be achieved. Because the position of men and women
according to the teachings of Islam are equal. Since the time of the teachings
Rosululloh has manifested in various facets of life. Status of women that
existed at the time of ignorance is very low, being equal to men. Because
before Allah the sexes was not distinguished as illustrated in the principles
of Islamic justice. Cultural and social construction is never released from the
differences of men and women over the times. In fact, sometimes it is a culture
in society that discrimination between men and women often happened in the
social life.
Perception
about women for every life it has affected men and women themselves. It is
time, now is to eliminate inhibited and the oppression of women's rights,
including the rights of the public, which is important not to violate the rules
in Islamic. Many other issues concerning women and thick with religious and
cultural nuances that require more
in-depth discussion on various aspects of life.
It is really gender difference is
not a problem as far as not giving birth injustices like discrimination between
men and women. Above all gender inequality, injustice basically structured
reflection that is constructed by social systems, cultural or even religious in
its turn violate human rights, so the need for policies to create a society for
respect human rise particularly with
respect to the protection of women from a wide range of discriminatory
treatment.[9]
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
The
Qur'an as a source of real world view of Muslims has provided the principles of
equality between men and women, both in the domestic as well as the role of
public role. Islamic response to gender as a social and cultural phenomenon,
which is between men and women have roles complement each other, so that
harmony in social life can be achieved. Because the position of men and women
according to the teachings of Islam are equal. Since the time of the teachings
Rosululloh has manifested in various facets of life. Status of women that
existed at the time of ignorance is very low, being equal to men. Because
before Allah the sexes was not distinguished as illustrated in the principles
of Islamic justice. Cultural and social construction is never released from the
differences of men and women over the times. In fact, sometimes it is a culture
in society that discrimination between men and women often happened in the
social life.
Perception
about women for every life it has affected men and women themselves. It is time,
now is to eliminate inhibited and the oppression of women's rights, including
the rights of the public, which is important not to violate the rules in Islam.
Many other issues concerning women and thick with religious and cultural
nuances that require more in-depth
discussion on various aspects of life.
It is really gender difference is not a problem as far as not giving
birth injustices like discrimination between men and women. Above all gender
inequality, injustice basically structured reflection that is constructed by
social systems, cultural or even religious in its turn violate human rights, so
the need for policies to create a society of human regard piority particularly
with respect to the protection of women from a wide range of discriminatory
treatment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Djamil, abdul, Bias
Jender Dalam Pemahaman islam ,cet 1,
Yogyakarta : Gama media .
Ibn,ahmad H, Musnad Ahmad
jilid II , Kairo
Jazim,ali dan musthafa amin ,
Al Nahw Al Wadhih , juz 2 , Mesir :
Dar al ma’arif ,1966
Khoirin ,nur , Telaah Terhadap Otentiatis
Hadis –Hadis Misogini , Yogyakarta :
Depag
Mufidah , Bingkai Sosial Gender . cet 2
. Malang : UIN maliki press, 2010
Suhandjati,sri s , Pemahaman Islam Dan Tantangan Keadilan
Gender , cet 1 , Yogyakarta : Gama media
[1]
Abdul djamil, Bias jender dalam pemahaman islam ,cet 1 (yogyakarta :
Gama media ) hal .XI
[2]
Mufidah , bingkai sosial gender . cet 2 ( malang : UIN maliki press 2010 ) hal 5
[3]
Sri suhandjati s , Pemahaman Islam Dan Tantangan Keadilan Gender , cet 1
( yogyakarta : Gama media )hal. 167
[4]
Ibid ,hal 4-10
[5]
Ahmad Ibn H, Musnad Ahmad jilid II
, (kairo ) hal.595
[6]
Nur khoirin ,telaah terhadap otentiatis hadis –hadis misogini , (yogyakarta
;depag ) hal.171
[7]
Ibid ,hal 180
[8]
Ali jazim dan musthafa amin , Al nahw al wadhih ,juz 2 , ( mesir :dar al
ma’arif : 1966 ) hal.101-105
[9]
Ibid ,hal 89-92
